Mmalite nke akwụkwọ Kraft

Kraft Akwụkwọ Okwu kwekọrọ maka "ike" na German bụ "whide".

Na mbụ, ihe eji eme akwụkwọ bụ nkịrịka, a na-ejikwa pulp gbakere eme ihe. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, site n'ichepụta ihe nhịahụ, a nakweere usoro ịhịa aka n'ahụ, na-edozikwa ihe ndị ahụ n'ime ihe ndị dị na fibrous site na igwe nhịahụ. N'afọ 1750, Herinda Bita nke Netherlands mepụtara igwe mpempe akwụkwọ, a malitekwa imepụta nnukwu akwụkwọ. Ọchịchọ maka imepụta akụrụngwa karịrị nke ukwuu.
Ya mere, na mmalite narị afọ nke 19, ndị mmadụ malitere nyocha na ịmepụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta akwụkwọ. N'afọ 1845, Keira chepụtara pulp osisi n'ala. A na-eji osisi eme ụdị pulp a, a na-egwepịa ya n'ime eriri site na hydraulic ma ọ bụ nrụgide igwe. Otú ọ dị, mkpụrụ osisi n'ala na-ejigide ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nile nke ihe osisi ahụ, na-enwe eriri dị mkpụmkpụ na nke siri ike, ịdị ọcha dị ala, ike na-adịghị ike, na mfe odo mgbe ogologo nchekwa gasịrị. Otú ọ dị, ụdị pulp a nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ojiji dị elu yana ọnụ ala dị ala. A na-ejikarị osisi egweri eme akwụkwọ akụkọ na kaadiboodu.

N'afọ 1857, Hutton chepụtara pulp chemical. Enwere ike kewaa ụdị pulp a ka ọ bụrụ sulfite pulp, sulfate pulp, na caustic soda pulp, dabere na onye na-edozi ihe eji eme ihe. Usoro ntucha soda nke Hardon chepụtara gụnyere ịwụsa akụrụngwa n'ime ngwọta nke sodium hydroxide na oke okpomọkụ na nrụgide. A na-ejikarị usoro a eme ihe maka osisi ndị nwere akwụkwọ na stem dị ka ihe ọkụkụ.
N'afọ 1866, Chiruman chọtara pulp sulfite, nke emere site n'ịgbakwụnye akụrụngwa na ngwọta sulfite acid nke nwere ngafe sulfite ma sie ya n'okpuru nnukwu okpomọkụ na nrụgide iji wepụ adịghị ọcha dị ka lignin na ihe ọkụkụ. Enwere ike iji pulp bleached na pulp osisi gwakọtara ọnụ dị ka akụrụngwa maka akwụkwọ akụkọ, ebe pulp na-acha ọcha dabara adaba maka imepụta akwụkwọ dị elu na nke etiti.
N'afọ 1883, Daru chepụtara pulp sulfate, nke na-eji ngwakọta nke sodium hydroxide na sodium sulfide maka nri nrụgide na oke okpomọkụ. N'ihi nnukwu ike eriri nke pulp nke usoro a na-emepụta, a na-akpọ ya "pulp cowhide". Kraft pulp siri ike ịcha ọcha n'ihi lignin na-acha aja aja fọdụrụ, mana ọ nwere ike dị elu, yabụ akwụkwọ kraft emepụtara dabara adaba maka akwụkwọ nkwakọ ngwaahịa. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye pulp na-acha ọcha n'akwụkwọ ọzọ iji mee akwụkwọ obibi akwụkwọ, mana a na-ejikarị ya eme akwụkwọ kraft na akwụkwọ corrugated. N'ozuzu, kemgbe mmalite nke kemịkalụ pulp dị ka sulfite pulp na sulfate pulp, akwụkwọ agbanweela site na ihe okomoko gaa na ngwa ahịa dị ọnụ ala.
Na 1907, Europe mepụtara sulfite pulp na hemp agwakọta pulp. N'otu afọ ahụ, United States hibere ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ kraft mbụ. A maara Bates dị ka onye malitere "akpa akwụkwọ kraft". O jiri akwụkwọ kraft na mbụ maka nkwakọ ngwaahịa nnu wee nweta patent maka "Bates pulp".
N'afọ 1918, ma United States na Germany malitere mmepụta nke akpa akwụkwọ kraft mechanized. Echiche Houston 'ngbanwe nke akwụkwọ nkwakọ ngwaahịa dị arọ' malitekwara ịpụta n'oge ahụ.
Ụlọ ọrụ Santo Rekis Paper dị na United States na-eji nkà na ụzụ akpa akwa akwa, bụ nke e mesịrị webatara Japan na 1927 nke ọma baa n'ahịa Europe.