Mmalite nke Akwụkwọ Kraft

Akwụkwọ KraftOkwu kwekọrọ na "ike" na German bụ "cowhide".

Ná mmalite, ihe e ji eme akwụkwọ bụ ákwà e ji kpụọ ma jiri pulp e ji kpụọ ya. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, site n'ichepụta ihe e ji kpụọ ya, e jiri usoro pulping mechanical mee ihe, e wee jiri ihe ndị e ji kpụọ ya mee ihe ndị e ji eriri mee. Na 1750, Herinda Bita nke Netherlands mepụtara igwe akwụkwọ ahụ, mmepụta akwụkwọ ahụ wee malite nke ukwuu. Ọchịchọ maka ihe e ji kpụọ akwụkwọ karịrị nke e nyere.
Ya mere, na mmalite narị afọ nke 19, ndị mmadụ malitere ịchọ ma mepụta ihe ndị ọzọ e ji eme akwụkwọ. Na 1845, Keira mepụtara ihe e ji eme osisi a gweri egweri. A na-eji osisi eme ụdị ihe a ma a na-akụ ya ka ọ bụrụ eriri site na nrụgide hydraulic ma ọ bụ igwe. Agbanyeghị, ihe e ji eme osisi a gweri egweri na-ejigide ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile dị na ihe osisi ahụ, ya na eriri dị mkpụmkpụ na nke siri ike, ịdị ọcha dị ala, ike adịghị ike, na-acha odo odo dị mfe mgbe echekwara ogologo oge. Agbanyeghị, ụdị ihe a nwere oke ojiji na ọnụ ahịa dị ala. A na-ejikarị ihe e ji eme ihe gweri egweri osisi eme akwụkwọ akụkọ na katọn.

Na 1857, Hutton mepụtara mkpụrụ osisi kemịkalụ. Ụdị mkpụrụ osisi a nwere ike kewaa n'ime mkpụrụ osisi sulfite, mkpụrụ osisi sulfate, na mkpụrụ osisi soda caustic, dabere na ihe eji emepụta ihe. Usoro mkpụrụ osisi caustic soda nke Hardon mepụtara gụnyere ịfụ ihe ndị e ji esi nri n'ime mmiri sodium hydroxide na okpomọkụ na nrụgide dị elu. A na-ejikarị usoro a eme ihe maka osisi ndị nwere akwụkwọ akwụkwọ sara mbara na ihe ndị dị ka osisi.
Na 1866, Chiruman chọtara mkpụrụ osisi sulfite, nke e mere site n'itinye ihe ndị e ji esi nri na mmiri sulfite acidic nke nwere sulfite gabigara ókè ma sie ya n'okpuru oke okpomọkụ na nrụgide iji wepụ ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha dị ka lignin na ihe ndị dị n'osisi. Enwere ike iji mkpụrụ osisi e ji bleached na mkpụrụ osisi agwakọtara ọnụ dị ka ihe eji emepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ, ebe mkpụrụ osisi e ji bleached mee dabara adaba maka imepụta akwụkwọ dị elu na nke etiti.
Na 1883, Daru mepụtara ihe e ji sulfate pulp mee, nke na-eji ngwakọta sodium hydroxide na sodium sulfide eme ihe maka isi nri dị elu na nke dị elu. N'ihi ike eriri dị elu nke ihe e ji usoro a mepụta, a na-akpọ ya "ihe e ji cowhide pulp". Ọ na-esiri ike ịchacha ihe e ji Kraft pulp n'ihi lignin aja aja fọdụrụ, mana ọ nwere ike dị elu, yabụ akwụkwọ kraft emepụtara dabara adaba maka akwụkwọ nkwakọ ngwaahịa. Enwere ike itinye ihe e ji bleached pulp na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ iji mee akwụkwọ obibi akwụkwọ, mana a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka akwụkwọ kraft na akwụkwọ corrugated. N'ozuzu, kemgbe e mepụtara ihe e ji kemịkalụ mee dị ka ihe e ji sulfite pulp na ihe e ji sulfate pulp pụta, akwụkwọ agbanweela site na ihe okomoko gaa na ihe dị ọnụ ala.
Na 1907, Yuropu mepụtara mkpụrụ osisi sulfite na mkpụrụ osisi hemp a gwakọtara agwakọta. N'otu afọ ahụ, mba Amerịka guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta akwụkwọ kraft mbụ. A maara Bates dị ka onye guzobere "akpa akwụkwọ kraft". O ji akwụkwọ kraft mee ihe maka nkwakọ ngwaahịa nnu ma mechaa nweta akwụkwọ ikike maka "mkpụrụ osisi Bates".
Na 1918, ma mba Amerịka ma mba Jamanị malitere imepụta akpa akwụkwọ kraft site na iji igwe. Echiche "mgbanwe nke akwụkwọ nkwakọ ngwaahịa dị arọ" nke Houston malitekwara ịpụta n'oge ahụ.
Ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ Santo Rekis dị na mba Amerịka batara n'ahịa Yuropu nke ọma site na iji teknụzụ ịkwa akwa akpa igwe, nke e mechara webata na Japan na 1927.